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Marriage

Hadith 3288a

Chapter on Intimacy

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Marriage

Chapter on Intimacy

Zujajat al-Masabih 3288aVolume 2

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Al-Aswad narrated: Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) purchased Barirah to free her, but her owners stipulated her clientage (wala’). She said, “O Messenger of Allah, I bought Barirah to free her, but her owners stipulated her clientage.” He said, “Free her, for clientage belongs to the one who frees or pays the price.” So, she bought her and freed her. He said, “She was given the choice 1 regarding herself,” and she chose herself, saying, “Even if I were given such and such, I would not stay with him.” Al-Aswad said, “Her husband was a free man.” Narrated by Bukhari. In another narration by him, similar, and in it, Al-Hakam said, “Her husband was a free man.” Muslim narrated from Shu‘bah, from Abdul Rahman ibn al-Qasim, who heard Al-Qasim narrate from Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) that she wanted to buy Barirah for emancipation, but they stipulated her clientage. She mentioned this to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and he said, “Buy her and free her, for clientage belongs to the one who frees.” Meat was gifted to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and they said to the Prophet (ﷺ), “This was given as charity to Barirah.” He said, “It is charity for her and a gift for us,” and she was given the choice. Abdul Rahman said, “Her husband was a free man.” Shu‘bah said, “Then I asked him about her husband, and he said, ‘I do not know.’” Abu Dawud narrated from Al-Aswad, from Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), that Barirah’s husband was free when she was emancipated, and she was given the choice. She said, “I would not like to stay with him even if I were given such and such.” In Tirmidhi’s narration, she said, “Barirah’s husband was a slave,” and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) gave her the choice. Ibn Majah and An-Nasa’i narrated from Al-Aswad, from Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her), that she freed Barirah, and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) gave her the choice, and she had a free husband. Al-Tahawi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from Tawus that he said, “A slave woman has the choice upon emancipation, even if she is married to a Qurayshi.” In another narration by them from him, he said, “She has the choice whether the husband is free or a slave.” Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from Ibn Sirin and Ash-Sha‘bi similarly. In another narration by him from Mujahid, he said, “She has the choice, even if she were married to the Commander of the Faithful.”
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
  • Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 5284 (unverified) 85% confidence

Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.

Commentary and footnotes (2)

Note 1

She was given the choice regarding herself, etc.

(1) The statement: “She was given the choice regarding herself, etc.”: This choice is called the choice of emancipation, exclusive to a slave woman, whether partially freed, under a contract, or young or old, whether her husband at the time of emancipation is free or a slave, though Ash-Shafi‘i differs regarding a free husband. The author of Al-Hidayah said: If a slave woman marries with her master’s permission, or her husband marries her with or without her consent, then she is freed, she has the choice, whether her husband is free or a slave. But if she marries herself without his permission, then is freed, the marriage is validated by emancipation, and she has no choice. Ash-Shafi‘i differs with us when her husband is free, saying she has no choice, as does Malik. Thus, Ash-Shafi‘i said: If she is freed, she has the choice, but if he is freed, she has no choice. Abu Hanifah said: She has the choice in both cases. The basis is the Hadith of Barirah, Aishah’s freedwoman. When Aishah freed her, the Prophet (ﷺ) said to her, “Your private parts are freed, so choose,” as narrated by Ibn Sa‘d in At-Tabaqat. Ad-Daraqutni narrated that he said to Barirah, “Go, for your private parts are freed with you.” In the Sahihayn and elsewhere, Aishah narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) gave her the choice regarding her husband, and she chose herself. The narrations differ on whether her husband, named Mughith, who was unanimously a slave before, was free or a slave at her emancipation. Bukhari and the Sunan compilers narrated from Ibrahim, from Al-Aswad, from Aishah, the story of Barirah, and at its end, Al-Aswad said, “Her husband was a free man.” They also narrated from ‘Ikrimah, from Ibn Abbas, that Barirah’s husband was a black slave named Mughith. The Shafi‘is relied on narrations of his slavery, assuming she has no choice if freed under a free husband. Our scholars preferred the narrations of his freedom, as they are based on observation and certainty, while the narration of his slavery relies on the presumption of continuity. Some reconciled them, saying the narration of slavery refers to his prior state, and the narration of freedom to his later state, thus affirming the choice in both cases, which is stronger in reasoning and evidence. They supported this with Ad-Daraqutni and Ibn Sa‘d’s Hadith, indicating that the choice stems from ownership of private parts, reinforced by their established rule on divorce counts, as mentioned earlier and later. A slave woman is separated by two divorces, whether her husband is free or a slave, while a free woman is separated by three, whether her husband is free or a slave. Thus, after emancipation, she has the choice in both cases to avoid additional ownership over her. Ibn al-Humam said: The root of the disagreement lies in preferring one of the conflicting narrations about Barirah’s husband—whether he was free or a slave when she was freed. The preference is for him being free because the narrators from Aishah are three: Al-Aswad, Urwah, and Ibn al-Qasim. Al-Aswad’s narration is undisputed that he was free. Urwah has two authentic narrations: free and slave. Abdul Rahman ibn al-Qasim has two authentic narrations: free and uncertain. Certainty prevails, and there is no preference between Urwah’s narrations due to their conflict, leaving Al-Aswad’s narration intact, along with Ibn al-Qasim’s certain narration. Another perspective for preference, not specific to Aishah’s narrations, is that the narration “she was given the choice, and her husband was a slave” may mean the conjunction is not for the state. In essence, it reports both facts, and his being a slave does not necessitate that he was so at her emancipation. This allows the possibility that “slave” is used metaphorically for a freed slave, as is common in custom. The undeniable preference is that the narration “he was free” is clearer than “he was a slave” and adds detail, so it is preferred. Another perspective is that the affirmative prevails over the negative, as noted by the scholars of principles here. Another is Ad-Daraqutni’s narration from her that he said to Barirah, “Go, for your private parts are freed with you,” justified by the choice stemming from ownership of private parts, generalizing the ruling by the generality of the cause. This perspective is free from conflict, as summarized from Umdat ar-Ri‘ayah, Al-Marqah, and Fath al-Qadir. In Umdat al-Qari, it is said: The statement in a narration, “I saw him a slave,” referring to Barirah’s husband, does not indicate he was a slave when Barirah was freed, as it likely reports that he was a slave. Thus, it does not support the argument. The accurate approach is to say: Their disagreement is about two mutually exclusive attributes, so we assign them to two states—slave in one state, free in another. Necessarily, one state follows the other. It is known that slavery precedes freedom, and freedom does not revert to slavery, which is undisputed. Thus, we assign slavery to the earlier state and freedom to the later. This establishes that he was free when Barirah was given the choice and a slave before that. Those who said he was a slave refer to the earlier state, and those who said he was free refer to the later state. Thus, no conflict remains, and the opinion that he was free is established, so the ruling is attached to it. Even if we concede that all narrations report him as a slave, it does not prove the view that if a slave woman’s husband is free and she is freed, she has no choice, as there is no indication of that. It is not reported that he said, “She was given the choice because her husband was a slave,” which is absent from the narrations. Thus, it is established that she was given the choice because she was freed, so it is the same whether her husband is free or a slave.

Note 1

قوله

(۱) قوله: وخيرت نفسها إلخ وهذا الخيار يُسمى خيار العتق، وهو مختص بالأمة، ولو مكاتبة أو مدبرة كبيرة كانت أو صغيرة، سواء كان زوجها عند عتقها حرا أو عبدًا، وفي الزوج الحر خلاف الشافعي. وقال صاحب الهداية»: وإذا تزوجت أمة بإذن مولاها أو زوجها هو برضاها أو بغير رضاها ، ثم أعتقت فلها الخيار، حرا كان زوجها أو عبدًا، أما إذا زوجت نفسها بغير إذنه، ثم أعتقها ينفذ النكاح بالإعتاق، ولا خيار لها، والشافعي يخالفنا فيما إذا كان زوجها حرا فلا خيار لها، وهو قول مالك، لذلك قال الشافعي : لو عتقت فلها الخيار، ولو عتق فلا خيار. وقال أبو حنيفة: إن لها خيارا في الصورتين والأصل فيه حديث بريرة مولاة عائشة فإنه لما أعتقتها عائشة قال لها النبي ﷺ : قد عتق بضعتك فاختاري، أخرجه ابن سعد في الطبقات». وعند الدار قطني قال لبريرة: اذهبي فقد عتق معك بضعك، وفي الصحيحين وغيرهما عن عائشة خيرها رسول الله ﷺ من زوجها فاختارت نفسها. واختلف الروايات في أن زوجها وكان اسمه مغيثاً، وكان عبدًا بالاتفاق قبل ذلك، هل كان عند عتقها حرا معتقا أو عبدا ؟ فروى البخاري وأصحاب السنن عن إبراهيم عن الأسود عن عائشة قصة بريرة. وفي آخرها قال الأسود كان زوجها حرا، وأخرجوا عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس أن زوج بريرة كان عبدا أسود يقال له: مغيث. فاستندت الشافعية بأحاديث عبوديته، وظنوا أنه لا خيار لها إذا أعتقت تحت حر، وأصحابنا رجحوا روايات الحرية؛ لكون خبرها خبرا عن تحقق وعيان وخبر عبوديته مبنيا على استصحاب الحال، أي إبقاء ما كان على ما كان. ومنهم من جمع بينها بأن الخبر عن العبودية خبر عن حاله السابق، وخبر حريته خبر عن حاله الطارئ، فأثبتوا الخيار في الحالتين، وهو الأقوى نظرا ودليلا. وأيدوه بحديث الدار قطني وابن سعد الدال على أن منشأ الاختيار هو ملك بضع وشيدوه بما تقرر عندهم من اعتبار عدد الطلاق بالنساء، كما مر وسيأتي، فإن الأمة تبين بطلقتين، سواء كان زوجها حرا أو عبدا، والحرة تبين بثلاث تطليقات، حرا كان زوجها أو عبدًا، فبعد ما عتقت تخير في الصورتين حذرا عن ثبوت الملك الزائد عليها. وقال ابن الهمام: ومنشأ الخلاف والاختلاف في ترجيح إحدى الروايتين المتعارضتين في زوج بريرة أكان حين أعتقت حرا أو عبدا ، فالمرجح كونه حرا؛ وذلك لأن رواة هذا الحديث عن عائشة ثلاثة: الأسود وعروة وابن القاسم. فأما الأسود فلم يختلف فيه عن عائشة أنه كان حرا. وأما عروة فعنه روايتان صحيحتان: كان حرا، كان عبدا. وأما عبد الرحمن بن القاسم فعنه روايتان صحيحتان كان حرا، والأخرى بالشك. والجزم قاض، ولا ترجيحلإحدى روايتي عروة للتعارض، فبقي رواية الأسود سالمة، ومعها رواية الجزم لابن القاسم. ووجه آخر من الترجيح مطلقا لا يختص بالمروي عن عائشة، وهو أن رواية خيرها الله وكان زوجها عبدا» يحتمل كون الواو للعطف فيه لا للحال. وحاصله: أنه إخبار بالأمرين، وكونه اتصف بالرق لا يستلزم كون ذلك كان حال عتقها. هذا بعد احتمال أن يراد بالعبد العتيق مجازا باعتبار ما كان، وهو شائع في العرف والذي لا مرد له من الترجيح أن رواية: كان حرا أنص من كان عبدًا، وتثبت زيادة، فهي أولى. ووجه آخر أن المثبت مقدم على النافي، كما ذكره أهل الأصول ههنا. ووجه آخر ما أخرجه الدارقطني عنها أنه قال لبريرة: اذهبي فقد عتق معك بضعك، معلل بثبوت الخيار بملك البضع، فيعم الحكم بعموم العلة، وهذا وجه سالم عن التعارض، هذا حاصل ما في عمدة الرعاية و المرقاة» و«فتح القدير». وقال في عمدة القاري»: قوله في رواية: «رأيته عبدا»، يعني زوج بريرة لا يدل على أنه كان عبد حين أعتقت بريرة؛ لأن الظاهر أنه يخبر بأنه كان عبدًا، فلا يتم الاستدلال به، والتحقيق فيه أن يقول: إن اختلافهم فيه في صفتين لا يجتمعان في حالة واحدة، فنجعلهما في حالتين بمعنى أنه كان عبدا في حالة، حرا في حالة أخرى، فبالضرورة تكون إحدى الحالتين متأخرة عن الأخرى. وقد علم أن الرق يعقبه الحرية، والحرية لا يعقبها الرق، وهذا مما لا نزاع فيه، فإذا كان كذلك جعلنا حال العبودية متقدمة وحال الحرية متأخرة. فثبت بهذا الطريق أنه كان حرًا في الوقت الذي خيرت فيه بريرة، وعبدا قبل ذلك. فيكون قول من قال: كان عبدًا محمولا على الحالة المتقدمة، وقول من قال: كان حرا محمولا على الحالة المتأخرة. فإذا لا يبقى تعارض ويثبت قول من قال: إنه كان حرا، فيتعلّق الحكم به، ولئن سلمنا أن جميع الروايات أخبرت بأنه كان عبدا فليس فيه ما يدلُّ على صحة ما يذهب ممن يذهب أن زوج الأمة إذا كان حرا فأعتقت الأمة ليس لها الخيار؛ لأنه ليس فيه ما يدلُّ على ذلك؛ لأنه لم يأت عنه أنه قال : إنما خيرتها؛ لأن زوجها عبده، وهذا لا يوجد أصلا في الآثار فثبت أنه خيرها؛ لكونها قد أعتقت، فحينذ يستوي فيه أن يكون زوجها حرا أو عبدا.