Abu Hurayra (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Whoever believes in Allah and His Messenger, establishes prayer, and fasts Ramadan, it is incumbent upon Allah to admit him to Paradise, whether he strives in Allah’s way or remains in the land where he was born. They said: O Messenger of Allah, shall we not give glad tidings to the people? He said: In Paradise, there are one hundred levels prepared by Allah for those who strive in His way, the distance between two levels being like that between heaven and earth. When you ask Allah, ask for al-Firdaws, for it is the middle and highest of Paradise, above it is the Throne of the Most Merciful, and from it spring the rivers of Paradise.
Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, says: So kill the polytheists wherever you find them [At-Tawba: 5]. And He says: And fight them until there is no fitnah and [until] the religion is for Allah [Al-Baqarah: 193]. And He says: Fighting has been prescribed for you, though it is displeasing to you [Al-Baqarah: 216]. And He says: And fight the polytheists collectively as they fight you collectively [At-Tawba: 36]. And He says: Not equal are those believers who sit [at home], except those who are disabled, and those who strive in the way of Allah with their wealth and their lives. Allah has preferred those who strive with their wealth and lives over those who sit by a degree, and to each Allah has promised good. And Allah has preferred those who strive over those who sit with a great reward, degrees from Him, forgiveness, and mercy. And Allah is Forgiving, Merciful [An-Nisa: 95-96]. And He says: Go forth, light or heavy [At-Tawba: 41]. And He says: Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their wealth for that they will have Paradise [At-Tawba: 111]. And He says: And be patient and maintain your posts [Aal-E-Imran: 200].
Commentary and footnotes (4)
Chapter-heading commentary
(1) Regarding the saying: So kill the polytheists, etc.: Know that jihad is a collective obligation (fard kifaya). Its obligation is based on these verses, and its collective nature is due to Allah’s saying: Not equal are those who sit [An-Nisa: 95] to accursed [An-Nisa: 96]. This applies when the call to arms is not general. If it is general, such as an enemy attacking a Muslim town, it becomes an individual obligation (fard ayn), whether the caller is just or unjust. All inhabitants of that town must go forth, and those nearby if the inhabitants are insufficient or neglectful, and so on until it becomes obligatory on all Muslims, east and west. This is supported by Allah’s saying: Go forth, light or heavy [At-Tawba: 41]. [Gathered from al-Marqah]
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: Strives in Allah’s way or remains in the land where he was born: This means even if he does not strive, it does not negate the obligation of hijra. The equality indicates that jihad is a collective obligation. [Taken from al-Lam‘at and al-Marqah] Rahmat al-Umma states: The Imams agree that jihad is a collective obligation; if some Muslims undertake it sufficiently, the burden is lifted from the rest.
Chapter-heading commentary
قوله
(١) قوله: فاقتلوا المشركين إلخ: اعلم أن الجهاد فرض على الكفاية، أما الفرضية فلهذه الآيات، وأما كونه على الكفايةفلقوله تعالى: ﴿لَّا يَسْتَوِى اُلْقَّعِدُونَ﴾ (النساء: ٩٥) إلى قوله: ﴿رَجِيمًا ﴾، ثم هذا إذا لم يكن النفير عاما، فإنكان كأن هجموا على بلدة من بلاد المسلمين، فيصير من فروض الأعيان، سواء كان المستنفر عدلا أو فاسقا، فيجبعلى جميع أهل تلك البلدة النفر، وكذا من يقرب منهم إن لم يكن بأهلها كفاية أو تكاسلوا وعصوا، وهكذا إلى أنيجب على جميع أهل الإسلام شرقا وغربا. واستدل على ذلك بقوله تعالى: ﴿أَنفِرُواْ خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا﴾ (التوبة: ٤١).التقطته من (المرقاة).
Note 1
قوله
(١)قوله: جاهد في سبيل الله أو جلس في أرضه التي ولد فيها: أي ولم يجاهد، فلا ينافي وجوب الهجرة، والتسوية تدلعلى أن الجهاد فرض كفاية. أخذته من (اللمعات) و(المرقاة). وقال في (رحمة الأمة): اتفق الأئمة على أن الجهادفرض كفاية إذا قام به من المسلمين مَن فيه كفاية، سقط الحرج عن الباقين.
Abu Sa‘id (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Whoever is content with Allah as Lord, Islam as religion, and Muhammad as Prophet, Paradise is guaranteed for him. Abu Sa‘id marveled at it and said: Repeat it to me, O Messenger of Allah. He repeated it, then said: And another thing by which a servant is raised one hundred levels in Paradise, the distance between each two levels like that between heaven and earth. He asked: What is it, O Messenger of Allah? He said: Jihad in the way of Allah, jihad in the way of Allah, jihad in the way of Allah.
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Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 2
(2) Regarding the saying: And another thing, etc.: This implies that jihad is a collective obligation, as it is conjoined with Islam’s essentials by way of obligation, and conjunction implies distinction in speech. [Al-Marqah]
Note 2
قوله
(٢) قوله: وأخرى إلخ: فيه إيماء إلى أن الجهاد فرض كفاية؛ حيث عطف على لوازم الإسلام بطريق الإلزام؛ فإنالعطف يقتضي المغايرة في الكلام. كذا في (المرقاة).
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) said on the day of the conquest [of Makkah]: There is no hijra after the conquest, but jihad and intention remain. When you are called to arms, go forth.
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Commentary and footnotes (3)
Note 3
(3) Regarding the saying: No hijra after the conquest, etc.: Al-Urf al-Shadhi states: Hijra from the abode of war to the abode of Islam is disputed among later scholars and not addressed in Hanafi books, though the Shafi‘is discuss it here. Shah Abdul Aziz, in some treatises, favored the desirability of hijra, which is the preferred view. Some scholars held its obligation, and hadiths and verses suggest desirability, including Tirmidhi’s narration (p. 195) from Burayda, indicating they are like Muslim Bedouins, subject to the same rulings. It was obligatory for Makkah’s people and may be obligatory in certain cases.
(1) Regarding the saying: When you are called to arms, go forth: Al-Nawawi said: This proves jihad is not an individual obligation but a collective one. If enough undertake it, the burden is lifted from the rest; if all abandon it, all sin.
Note 1
قوله
(١) قوله: وإذا استنفرتم فانفروا: وقال النووي: هذا دليل على أن الجهاد ليس بفرض عين، بل هو فرض كفاية إذا فعلهمن يحصل بهم الكفاية، سقط الحرج عن الباقين، وإن تركوه كلهم أثموا أجمعين.
Note 3
قوله
(٣) قوله: لا هجرة بعد الفتح إلخ: وقال في (العرف الشذي): الهجرة من دار الحرب إلى دار الإسلام، مختلفة فيالمتأخرين، وليست المسألة في كُتُب الأحناف، نعم تعرض ههنا الشافعية. وقال الشاه عبد العزيز في بعض رسائلهباستحباب الهجرة، وهو المختار. وقال بعض العلماء بالوجوب، وتدل الأحاديث والآيات على الاستحباب، منها ماأخرجه الترمذي ص ١٩٥ عن بريدة؛ لما فيه أنهم يكونون كأعراب المسلمين، يجري عليهم إلخ، وقالوا: كانتواجبة على أهل مكة. وقد تجب في بعض الأحوال.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: By the One in Whose Hand is my soul, were it not that some believing men dislike staying behind me, and I lack the means to provide for them, I would not stay behind any expedition in Allah’s way. By the One in Whose Hand is my soul, I wish to be killed in Allah’s way, then revived, then killed, then revived, then killed, then revived, then killed.
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Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 2
(2) Regarding the saying: To be killed in Allah’s way, then revived, etc.: This highlights the virtue of fighting and martyrdom, desiring martyrdom and unattainable goodness. It shows jihad is a collective, not individual, obligation, per al-Nawawi. Al-Ayni in Umdat al-Qari adds: It permits the Imam or scholar to forgo an act of obedience if their companions or advisors cannot perform it, until all can, reflecting noble companionship and ethics.
Note 2
قوله
(٢) قوله: أن أقتل في سبيل الله ثم أحيا إلخ: فيه فضيلة الغزو والشهادة وتمني الشهادة والخير وما لا يمكن في العادة منالخيرات. وفيه أن الجهاد من فروض الكفاية لا من العين، قاله النووي. وزاد عليه العيني في (عمدة القاري): وفيه أنالإمام والعالم يجوز لهما ترك فعل الطاعة إذا لم يطق أصحابه ونصحاؤه على الإتيان بمثل ما يقدر عليه هو منها إلىوقت قدرة الجميع عليها، وذلك من كرم الصحبة وآداب الأخلاق.
Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: No one enters Paradise and wishes to return to the world, even with all it contains, except the martyr, who wishes to return and be killed ten times for the honor he sees.
Abdul Rahman ibn Abi Amirah narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: No Muslim soul taken by its Lord wishes to return to you, even with the world and all it contains, except the martyr. Ibn Abi Amirah said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Being killed in Allah’s way is dearer to me than having the people of tents and cities.
Masruq narrated: We asked Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud about this verse: And do not think those killed in Allah’s way are dead; rather, they are alive with their Lord, provided for [Aal-E-Imran: 169]. He said: We asked about that, and he said: Their souls are in the bellies of green birds, with lanterns hanging from the Throne, roaming Paradise wherever they wish, then returning to those lanterns. Their Lord looked upon them and said: Do you desire anything? They said: What could we desire when we roam Paradise wherever we wish? He did this thrice. When they saw they would not be left without being asked, they said: O Lord, we wish You to return our souls to our bodies to be killed in Your way again. Seeing they had no further need, they were left.
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Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: Their souls are in the bellies of green birds: It is said their placement in these birds is like placing pearls in boxes, to honor and dignify them. Their entry into Paradise in this form is not attached to these bodies managing them as souls manage worldly bodies; they reside in Paradise, experiencing its fragrances, witnessing its lights, and delighting in them. This refutes the notion of those who used this for reincarnation or assumed it diminishes them by moving from human to animal bodies. Consider: Perhaps the martyrs’ souls, having perfected, took the form of green birds by Allah’s command, like an angel appearing human. These bodies are not managed by those souls but are the souls’ forms themselves. Understand: These bodies have human qualities despite being in the form of green birds, not their true essence, as forms and shapes are inconsequential. It is not far-fetched to say they are called birds due to their movement from place to place by flying, not walking, unlike humans in the world, so there is no diminution or degradation as assumed.
If you say: What is the benefit of their request to return their souls to their bodies to be killed again in Allah’s way, when it yields the same state? The answer: Their intent is to fulfill gratitude for the blessings Allah bestowed upon them. If you say: Seeing Allah is the greatest blessing, so why not request it? The answer: Seeing Allah may be reserved for perfect readiness on the Day of Resurrection, so Allah turned their hearts from requesting it until that readiness is achieved. [Summarized from Sharh Ibn al-Malik, al-Lam‘at]
Note 1
قوله
(١) قوله: أرواحهم في أجواف طير خصر: قيل: إبداعها في أجواف تلك الطيور كوضع الدر في الصناديق تكريمًاوتشريفًا لها، وإدخالها في الجنة بهذه الصورة لا متعلقة بهذه الأبدان مدبرة فيها تدبير الأرواح في الأبدان الدنياوية؛فإنها تبيت في الجنة، تجد ما فيها من الروائح، ويشاهد ما فيها من الأنوار، ويتلذذ بها. وهذا دفع شبهة من تمسك به فيالقول بالتناسخ ولتوهم من قال: إن هذا تنزيل وتنقيص لهم حيث أخرجوا من الأبدان الإنسانية إلى الأجسامالحيوانية، فتدبر، وقيل: لعل أرواح الشهداء لما استكملت تمثلت بأمر الله تعالى بصُوّر طير خُضْر، وحصلت لها تلكالهيئة كتمثل الملك بشرا، فليست هذه الأبدان هي التي يتعلق بها تلك الأرواح، ويدبر فيها، بل هي أنفسها صُوَرالأرواح، تمثلت بها، فافهم. وأقول: يكون تلك الأبدان على صفات الأبدان الإنسانية وإن كانت على صور طيرخضر، ولا يكون على صفاتها حقيقية؛ فإنه لا اعتداد للصور والأشكال، بل لا يبعد أن يقال: تسميتها بالطيورلانتقالها من مكان إلى مكانها على هيئة الطيران، لا المشي على الأقدام، كما يكون للآدمي في الدنيا، فلا يلزم تنزيلهاوتنقيصها كما توهم.
فإن قلت: فما فائدة سؤالهم أن تردّ أرواحهم في أجسادهم حتى يقتلوا في سبيل الله مَرَّةً أخرى، ولا يحصل فيهاإلا مثل ما هم فيه؟ أجيب: مرادهم بهذا الكلام القيام بموجب الشكر في مقابلة النِّعَم التي أنعم الله تعالى عليهم. فإنقلت: رؤية الله تعالى كانت أعظم النِّعَم، فلم لم يطلبوها؟ قلت: يجوز أن يكون رؤية الله موقوفة على كمال استعداديليق بها يحصل يوم القيامة، فضرب الله قلوبهم عن طلب ذلك إلى وقت حصول الاستعداد. كذا في (شرح ابنالملك). (لمعات)مختصرا.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to his companions: When your brothers were struck at Uhud, Allah placed their souls in the bellies of green birds that drink from Paradise’s rivers, eat its fruits, and return to golden lanterns hanging in the shade of the Throne. When they found the delight of their food, drink, and resting place, they said: Who will inform our brothers that we are alive in Paradise, provided for, so they do not disdain jihad or falter in war? Allah, Exalted is He, said: I will inform them about you. So Allah revealed: And do not think those killed in Allah’s way are dead; rather, they are alive [Aal-E-Imran: 169], to the end of the verses.
Al-Miqdam ibn Ma‘di Yakrib narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The martyr has six qualities with Allah: He is forgiven at the first instance, shown his place in Paradise, protected from the torment of the grave, secured from the greatest terror, adorned with a crown of dignity whose ruby is better than the world and all it contains, married to seventy-two wives from the houris, and intercedes for seventy of his relatives.
Utbah ibn Abd al-Sulami narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The slain are three: A believer who strives with his life and wealth in Allah’s way, meeting the enemy and fighting until killed. The Prophet (ﷺ) said of him: That is the tested martyr under Allah’s tent, beneath His Throne; the prophets surpass him only by the degree of prophethood. A believer who mixed righteous and evil deeds, striving with his life and wealth in Allah’s way, meeting the enemy and fighting until killed. The Prophet (ﷺ) said of him: His washing wipes away his sins and errors; the sword erases errors, and he enters Paradise through any gate he wishes. A hypocrite who strives with his life and wealth, meeting the enemy and fighting until killed, is in the Fire, for the sword does not erase hypocrisy.
Fadalh ibn Abd narrated: I heard Umar ibn al-Khattab say: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: The martyrs are four: A man of strong faith who meets the enemy, is true to Allah, and is killed; that is the one to whom people will raise their eyes on the Day of Resurrection like this—Umar raised his head until his cap fell, and I do not know if he meant his cap or the Prophet’s (ﷺ). A man of strong faith who meets the enemy, feels as if his skin is struck with talh thorns from cowardice, but a stray arrow kills him; he is in the second degree. A believer who mixed righteous and evil deeds, meets the enemy, is true to Allah, and is killed; he is in the third degree. A believer who transgressed against himself, meets the enemy, is true to Allah, and is killed; he is in the fourth degree.
Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: Umm al-Rubayy‘ bint al-Bara’, the mother of Haritha ibn Suraqa, came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: O Messenger of Allah, will you not tell me about Haritha, who was killed at Badr by a stray arrow? If he is in Paradise, I will be patient; if not, I will weep intensely for him. He said: O mother of Haritha, there are gardens in Paradise, and your son has attained al-Firdaws, the highest.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The first three to enter Paradise shown to me are: A martyr, a chaste person who restrains himself, and a slave who perfects worship of Allah and is sincere to his masters.
Hasna’ bint Mu‘awiya narrated: My uncle told me: I asked the Prophet (ﷺ): Who is in Paradise? He said: The prophet is in Paradise, the martyr is in Paradise, the newborn is in Paradise, and the buried alive is in Paradise.
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Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: The newborn is in Paradise: This refers to the young children of Muslims. Ibn al-Humam in Musayara states: There is disagreement about the fate of polytheists’ children, whether they enter Paradise or the Fire. Abu Hanifa and others hesitated. Contradictory narrations exist, so their matter is entrusted to Allah. Muhammad ibn al-Hasan said: Know that Allah does not punish anyone without sin. His student Ibn Abi Shaykh in his commentary cited Qasim ibn Muhammad and Urwa ibn al-Zubayr, prominent Tabi‘in, and others, who refrained from speaking on their fate. Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi weakened the narration of hesitation from Abu Hanifa, stating the authentic narration is that they are subject to Allah’s will, per the hadith: Allah knows best what they would have done. Al-Nawawi cited three views: Most say they are in the Fire; the second is hesitation; the third, which he deemed correct, is that they are in Paradise, based on the hadith: Every newborn is born on the fitra. Muhammad ibn al-Hasan’s view leans toward this, with other weak opinions. [Radd al-Muhtar]
Note 1
قوله
(١)قوله: والمولود في الجنة: المراد بالمولود الصغير من أولاد المسلمين. وقال ابن الهمام: في (مسايرته): وقد اختلففي سؤال أطفال المشركين وفي دخولهم الجنة أو النار، فتردَّد فيهم أبو حنيفة وغيره. وقد وردت فيهم أخبارمتعارضة، فالسبيل تفويض أمرههم إلى الله تعالى. وقال محمد بن الحسن: اعلم أن الله لا يعذب أحدا بلا ذنب اهـ.وقال تلميذه ابن أبي شريف في شرحه: وقد نقل الأمر بالإمساك عن الكلام في حكمهم في الآخرة مطلقًا عن القاسمبن محمد وعروة بن الزبير من رؤوس التابعين وغيرهما. وقد ضعف أبو البركات النسفي رواية التوقف عن أبي حنيفة،وقال: الرواية الصحيحة عنه أنهم في المشيئة لظاهر الحديث الصحيح، الله أعلم بما كانوا عاملين. وقد حكى فيهمالإمام النووي ثلاثة مذاهب، الأكثر أنهم في النار، الثاني: التوقوف، الثالث الذي صححه: أنهم في الجنة؛ لحديث:(كل مولود يولد على الفطرة) ويميل إليه ما مر عن محمد بن الحسن، وفيهم أقوال أُخَر ضعيفة اهـ. كذا في (الردالمحتار).
Anas narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and his companions set out, preempting the polytheists to Badr, and the polytheists came. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Rise to a Paradise as wide as the heavens and the earth. Umayr ibn al-Humam said: Excellent, excellent! The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: What prompts you to say ‘excellent, excellent’? He said: By Allah, O Messenger of Allah, only hope that I be among its people. He said: You are among its people. Umayr took dates from his quiver and began eating them, then said: If I live to finish these dates, that is a long life. He threw the dates he had, fought them, and was killed.
Abu Musa (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The gates of Paradise are under the shadows of swords. A man of shabby appearance stood and said: O Abu Musa, did you hear the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say this? He said: Yes. The man returned to his companions, said: I convey peace to you, broke his sword’s sheath, cast it away, and walked with his sword to the enemy, striking until he was killed.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: The example of the one who strives in Allah’s way is like one who fasts, prays, and recites Allah’s verses, not ceasing from fasting or prayer until the striver in Allah’s way returns.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Allah has undertaken for whoever goes out in His way, driven only by faith in Me and belief in My messengers, that I will either return him with reward or spoil, or admit him to Paradise.
(1) Regarding the saying: That I return him with reward or spoil, or admit him to Paradise: Al-Tayyibi said: ‘Or spoil’ is conjoined with ‘reward,’ and ‘admit him’ with ‘return him,’ as the predicate of ‘that.’ The meaning is: Allah answers the one who goes out in His way, either returning him to his home with reward alone, reward with spoil, or being martyred and entering Paradise. [Al-Marqah]
Note 1
قوله
(١)قوله: أن أرجعه بما نال من أجر أو غنيمة وأدخله الجنة: قال الطيبي: قوله: (أو غنيمة) عطف على (أجر) و (أدخله)على (أرجعه). فيكون صلة (أن). والتقدير: إن الله تعالى أجاب، الخارج في سبيله، إما بأن يرجعه إلى مسكنه مع أجربلا غنيمة، أو أجر مع غنيمة، وإما أن يستشهد فيدخله الجنة. كذا في (المرقاة).
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Allah laughs at two men, one killing the other, both entering Paradise. This one fights in Allah’s way and is killed, then Allah accepts the killer’s repentance, and he is martyred.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: A man who weeps from fear of Allah does not enter the Fire until milk returns to the udder, nor do dust in Allah’s way and the smoke of Hell meet in a servant’s nostrils. [Narrated by al-Tirmidhi] Al-Nasa’i added in another narration: In a Muslim’s nostrils forever. In another: In a servant’s belly forever, nor do greed and faith meet in a servant’s heart forever.
Abu Hurayra narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: No one wounded in Allah’s way—and Allah knows best who is wounded in His way—but comes on the Day of Resurrection with his wound bleeding, its color that of blood, its scent that of musk.
Mu‘adh ibn Jabal narrated: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: Whoever fights in Allah’s way for the time it takes to milk a camel, Paradise is guaranteed for him. Whoever is wounded or afflicted in Allah’s way, it comes on the Day of Resurrection as vivid as ever, its color saffron, its scent musk. Whoever has an abscess in Allah’s way bears the seal of the martyrs.
Abu Qatada (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) stood among them and reminded them that jihad in Allah’s way and faith in Allah are the best deeds. A man stood and said: O Messenger of Allah, if I am killed in Allah’s way, will my sins be forgiven? The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Yes, if you are patient, seeking reward, advancing, not retreating, except for debt; Gabriel told me this.
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Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: Except for debt: This applies to a collective obligation. Rahmat al-Umma states: The Imams agree that one not individually obligated for jihad does not go out without his Muslim parents’ permission or his creditor’s permission. Al-Durr al-Mukhtar and Radd al-Muhtar state: Jihad is initially a collective obligation; if some undertake it, the burden lifts from all, otherwise all sin. It is not obligatory for a child, slave, woman, or debtor without the creditor’s permission. It becomes an individual obligation if the enemy attacks, so all go out, including women, slaves, debtors, and others, even without permission, and a husband or similar sins by preventing it. [Dhakira] In Kanz commentaries: Their rights do not apply in individual obligations, like prayer and fasting, unlike before a general call, as others can fulfill the collective duty, so their rights are not voided.
Note 1
قوله
(١) قوله: إلا الدين: هذا في فرض كفاية؛ لذلك قال في (رحمة الأمة): واتفق الأئمة على أن من لم يتعين عليه الجهاد لايخرج إلا بإذن أبوَيْه إن كانا مسلمين، وإن مَن عليه دين لا يخرج إلا بإذن غريمه اهـ. وقال في (الدر المختار) (وردالمحتار): الجهاد فرض كفاية ابتداءً، إن قام به البعض سقط عن الكل، وإلا أثموا بتركه، لا يفرض على صبي وعبدوامرأة ومديون بغير إذن غريمه، وفرض عين إن هجم العدوّ، فيخرج الكل أي كل من ذكر من المرأة والعبدوالمديون وغيرهم، ولو بلا إذن، ويأثم الزوج ونحوه بالمنع. (ذخيرة) انتهى. وفي شروح (الكنز)؛ لأن حقوقهم لايظهر في فروض الأعيان، كما في الصلاة والصوم بخلاف ما قبل النفير؛ لأن بغيرهم يقام الفرض، فلا حاجة إلى إبطالحقوقهم.
Abdullah ibn Amr (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: A man came to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and sought his permission to participate in jihad. He asked: Are your parents alive? The man said: Yes. He said: Then strive in their service. [Agreed upon]
In another narration: Return to your parents and keep their company well.
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 3004 (unverified) 99% confidence
Candidate: Sahih Muslim 2549a (unverified) 90% confidence
Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.
Commentary and footnotes (2)
Note 2
(2) Regarding the saying: Then strive in their service: In Sharh al-Sunna: This applies to voluntary jihad; one does not go out except with the permission of Muslim parents. If jihad is an individual obligation, their permission is not required, and if they forbid it, he disobeys them and goes out. If they are disbelievers, he goes out without their permission, whether jihad is obligatory or voluntary. Similarly, he does not go out for voluntary acts like Hajj, Umrah, or visitation, nor does he fast voluntarily if his Muslim parents, or one of them, dislike it, except with their permission. Ibn al-Humam said: Because obedience to each parent is obligatory, and jihad is not individually obligatory for him. [Al-Marqah]
Note 2
قوله
(٢) قوله: ففيهما فجاهد: في (شرح السنة): هذا في جهاد التطوُّع لا يخرج إلا بإذن الوالدين إذا كانا مسلمين،فإن كان الجهاد فرضا متعينا فلا حاجة إلى إذنهما، وإن منعاه عصاهما وخرج، وإن كانا كافرين فيخرج بدون إذنهما،فرضًا كان الجهاد أو تطوعًا، وكذلك لا يخرج إلى شيء من التطوعات كالحج والعمرة والزيارة، ولا يصوم التطوع، إذاكره الوالدان المسلمان أو حدهما إلا بإذنهما. قال ابن الهمام: لأن طاعة كل منهما فرض عليه، والجهاد لم يتعين عليه.كذا في (المرقاة).
Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: A morning or an evening spent in the way of Allah is better than the world and all it contains.
Sahl ibn Sa‘d narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: A day of guarding the frontier in the way of Allah is better than the world and all it contains.
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 2892 (unverified) 98% confidence
Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.
Commentary and footnotes (1)
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: A day of guarding the frontier in the way of Allah, etc.: In Al-Durr al-Mukhtar: Among the branches of jihad is ribat (guarding the frontier), which is staying in a place with no Islam behind it; this is the preferred view. It is authentically reported that a frontier guard’s prayer is worth five hundred prayers, and his dirham is worth seven hundred. If he dies in it, his deeds and sustenance continue, he is safe from trials, and he is resurrected as a martyr, secure from the greatest terror. Details in [Al-Fath].
Commentary and footnotes (4)
Chapter-heading commentary
(1) Regarding the saying: So kill the polytheists, etc.: Know that jihad is a collective obligation (fard kifaya). Its obligation is based on these verses, and its collective nature is due to Allah’s saying: Not equal are those who sit [An-Nisa: 95] to accursed [An-Nisa: 96]. This applies when the call to arms is not general. If it is general, such as an enemy attacking a Muslim town, it becomes an individual obligation (fard ayn), whether the caller is just or unjust. All inhabitants of that town must go forth, and those nearby if the inhabitants are insufficient or neglectful, and so on until it becomes obligatory on all Muslims, east and west. This is supported by Allah’s saying: Go forth, light or heavy [At-Tawba: 41]. [Gathered from al-Marqah]
Note 1
(1) Regarding the saying: Strives in Allah’s way or remains in the land where he was born: This means even if he does not strive, it does not negate the obligation of hijra. The equality indicates that jihad is a collective obligation. [Taken from al-Lam‘at and al-Marqah] Rahmat al-Umma states: The Imams agree that jihad is a collective obligation; if some Muslims undertake it sufficiently, the burden is lifted from the rest.
Chapter-heading commentary
(١) قوله: فاقتلوا المشركين إلخ: اعلم أن الجهاد فرض على الكفاية، أما الفرضية فلهذه الآيات، وأما كونه على الكفايةفلقوله تعالى: ﴿لَّا يَسْتَوِى اُلْقَّعِدُونَ﴾ (النساء: ٩٥) إلى قوله: ﴿رَجِيمًا ﴾، ثم هذا إذا لم يكن النفير عاما، فإنكان كأن هجموا على بلدة من بلاد المسلمين، فيصير من فروض الأعيان، سواء كان المستنفر عدلا أو فاسقا، فيجبعلى جميع أهل تلك البلدة النفر، وكذا من يقرب منهم إن لم يكن بأهلها كفاية أو تكاسلوا وعصوا، وهكذا إلى أنيجب على جميع أهل الإسلام شرقا وغربا. واستدل على ذلك بقوله تعالى: ﴿أَنفِرُواْ خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا﴾ (التوبة: ٤١).التقطته من (المرقاة).
Note 1
(١)قوله: جاهد في سبيل الله أو جلس في أرضه التي ولد فيها: أي ولم يجاهد، فلا ينافي وجوب الهجرة، والتسوية تدلعلى أن الجهاد فرض كفاية. أخذته من (اللمعات) و(المرقاة). وقال في (رحمة الأمة): اتفق الأئمة على أن الجهادفرض كفاية إذا قام به من المسلمين مَن فيه كفاية، سقط الحرج عن الباقين.