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Retribution

Hadith 3537

The Chapter on Apostates and Those Who Spread Corruption

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Retribution

The Chapter on Apostates and Those Who Spread Corruption

Zujajat al-Masabih 3537Volume 3

English

Ikrima narrated: Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) was brought some heretics, and he burned them. This reached Ibn Abbas, who said: “If it were me, I would not have burned them due to the Prophet’s (ﷺ) prohibition: ‘Do not punish with Allah’s punishment,’ and I would have killed them due to the Prophet’s (ﷺ) statement: ‘Whoever changes his religion, kill him.’” [Narrated by Al-Bukhari] Malik narrated from Abdul Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Qari, from his father, who said: A man came to Umar ibn Al-Khattab from Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari. Umar asked him about the people, and he informed him. Then Umar asked: “Is there any strange news among you?” He said: “Yes, a man disbelieved after his Islam.” Umar said: “What did you do with him?” He said: “We brought him close and struck his neck.” Umar said: “Did you not imprison him for three days, feed him a loaf each day, and call him to repent, that he might return to Allah’s command?” Then Umar said: “O Allah, I was not present, did not order it, and was not pleased when it reached me.” Al-Tabarani narrated in his Mu’jam with a hasan chain from Mu’adh ibn Jabal that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to him when sending him to Yemen: “Any man who apostatizes from Islam, call him to return. If he repents, accept it from him; if not, strike his neck. Any woman who apostatizes from Islam, call her to return. If she repents, accept it from her; if she refuses, call her to repent.”
Possible references (unverified, pending editorial review)
  • Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 6922 (unverified) 99% confidence
  • Candidate: Sahih al-Bukhari 3017 (unverified) 98% confidence

Confidence and text similarity are not editorial verification.

Commentary and footnotes (9)

Chapter-heading commentary

And Allah would not let a people stray after He has guided them until He makes clear to them what to avoid

His statement, the Almighty: “And Allah would not let a people stray after He has guided them until He makes clear to them what to avoid” [Al-Tawbah: 115], and His statement: “Enjoy yourselves in your homes for three days” [Hud: 65], and His statement: “Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for them in the Hereafter is a great punishment, except for those who repent before you have power over them. So know that Allah is Forgiving and Merciful” [Al-Ma’idah: 33-34].

Ahl al-Ridda

(1) His statement: Ahl al-Ridda: Meaning the male or female apostate. Linguistically, it means one who returns. Legally, it is one who turns back from Islam. The condition of apostasy is uttering a word of disbelief with the tongue after faith. Its validity requires sanity, sobriety, and free will; thus, the apostasy of an insane person, an imbecile, a compulsive person, a child lacking understanding, an intoxicated person, or one coerced is invalid. Puberty and maleness are not conditions. Excerpted from the commentaries on (Al-Kanz).

And Allah would not let a people stray

(2) His statement: “And Allah would not let a people stray” etc.: This verse indicates that their killing is not obligatory until evidence is established against them and their arguments are refuted. The verse proves that Allah does not hold His servants accountable until He clarifies what they should do and avoid. Excerpted from (Umdat al-Qari).

Note 1

Whoever changes his religion, kill him

(1) His statement: “Whoever changes his religion, kill him”: According to us, this Hadith means that if he does not request a delay, he is killed immediately per the apparent narration. If he requests a delay after Islam is offered to him for reflection, he is imprisoned for three days. If he repents, fine; otherwise, he is killed. This is from (Al-Wiqayah) and (Al-Quduri). The obligation of a three-day delay is established by singular reports in such cases. The apparent meaning of (Al-Mabsut) also indicates obligation, stating: If he requests a delay, he is given three days, as it appears he has a doubt, so we must remove it, or he needs time to discern the truth, so a delay is necessary. If he requests it, the Imam must grant it, and the duration for reflection in Sharia is three days, as in the case of choice. Regarding Umar’s Hadith indicating obligation, its interpretation is that he likely requested a delay. Umar’s exoneration also implies obligation. Al-Shafi’i’s correct view is that if he repents immediately, fine; otherwise, he is killed, based on Mu’adh’s Hadith and “Whoever changes his religion, kill him” without specifying a delay, as chosen by Ibn Al-Mundhir. The response to this was mentioned earlier. Excerpted from (Umdat al-Ri’ayah), (Al-Mabsut), (Al-Wiqayah), and (Fath al-Qadir). The summary in (Rahmat al-Ummah) is: The Imams agreed that an apostate must be killed. They differed on whether his killing is mandatory immediately or whether he is to be called to repent, and whether repentance is obligatory or recommended. If he is called to repent and does not, is he given a delay? Abu Hanifah said: Repentance is not obligatory, and he is killed immediately unless he requests a delay, then he is given three days. Some of his companions said: He is given a delay even without request, as a recommendation. Al-Shafi’i has two views on the obligation of repentance; the more evident is that it is obligatory. He has two views on delay: the more evident is that he is not given a delay, even if requested, but killed immediately if he persists in apostasy. In (Fath al-Qadir): The three-day delay is specified for reflection, as evidenced by Hiban ibn Munqidh’s Hadith on the three-day choice for contemplation to avoid deception, and the story of Musa (peace be upon him) with the righteous servant: “If I ask you about anything after this, then do not keep company with me” [Al-Kahf: 76], which was the third time, until: “You have obtained from me an excuse” [Al-Kahf: 76]. In (Al-Ta’liq al-Mumajjad): This specification is from His statement: “Enjoy yourselves in your homes for three days” [Hud: 65].

Note 2

If she refuses, call her to repent

(2) His statement: “If she refuses, call her to repent”: The Imams agreed that a male apostate who does not return to Islam and persists in disbelief is killed. They differed on killing a female apostate. Al-Shafi’i equated her to a male apostate. Abu Hanifah said: A female apostate is not killed, excluded from the general statement of the Prophet (ﷺ): “Whoever changes his religion,” due to the general prohibition against killing women and children, supported by this Hadith. Excerpted from (Al-Mirqat), (Umdat al-Qari), and (Rahmat al-Ummah).

Chapter-heading commentary

قوله

(١)قوله: أهل الردة: يعني المرتد والمرتدة. هو لغة: الراجع، وشرعا: الراجع عن دين الإسلام. وركن الردة إجراءكلمة الكفر على اللسان بعد الإيمان. ويشترط لصحة الردة العقل والصحو والطوع، فلا تصح ردة مجنون ومعتوه وموسوس وصبي لا يعقل وسكران ومكرَه عليها، والبلوغ والذكورة ليسا بشرط. مأخوذ من شروح (الكنز)

قوله

(٢) قوله: وما كان الله ليضل إلخ: أشار بهذه الآية الكريمة إلى أن قتلهم لا يجب إلا بعد إقامة الحجة عليهم وإظهاربطلان دلائلهم، والدليل عليه هذه الآية؛ لأنها تدل على أن الله لا يؤاخذ عباده حتى يبيّن لهم ما يأتون وما يَذَرون.أخذته من (عمدة القاري).

Note 1

قوله

(١)قوله: وإن أبت فاستتبها: وقد أجمع الأئمة على قتل الرجل المرتد إذا لم يرجع إلى الإسلام وأصر على الكفر.واختلفوا في قتل المرتدة فجعلها الشافعي كالرجل المرتد. وقال أبو حنيفة : لا تقتل المرتدة، تستثنى المرأة من عموم قول النبي ﷺ: (من بدل دينه)، فإنها لا تقتل عنده لعموم قوله: نهى عن قتل النساء والصبيان، ويؤيده هذا الحديث. التقطته من (المرقاة) و(عمدة القاري) و(رحمة الأمة)

Note 3

قوله

(٣) قوله: من بدل دينه فاقتلوه: هذا الحديث عندنا محمول على أنه إن لم يستمهل قتل في الفورفي ظاهر الرواية، وإناستمهل أي طلب المرتد المهلة بعد ما عرض عليه الإسلام للتفكر حُبس ثلاثة أيام، فإن تاب فبها، وإلا قتل هذا اللفظ من (الوقاية). وأيضًا من (القدوري)، فوجب وجوب الإنظار ثلاثة أيام على ما عُرف من الآحادفي مثله، وظاهر (المبسوط) أيضًا الوجوب؛ فإنه قال: إذا طلب التأجيل أجل ثلاثة أيام؛ لأن الظاهر أنه دخل عليهشبهة، فيجب علينا إزالة تلك الشبهة، أو أنه يحتاج إلى التفكر ليتبيَّن له الحق، فلا بد من المهلة، وإذا استمهل كان علىالإمام أن يُمهله، ومدة النظر جعلت في الشرع ثلاثة أيام، كما في الخيار، ثم قال في حديث عمرالمذكور الدال علىالوجوب: تأويله أنه لعله طلب التأجيل. وأيضًا ظاهر تبرئ عمر. يقتضي الوجوب، والصحيح من قولي الشافعي: انه ان تاب في الحال والا قتل لحديث معاذ وقوله ﷺ (من بدل دينه فاقتلوه) من غير تقييد بانظار،وهو اختيار ابن المنذر، وجوابه قد مضى آنفًا. التقطته من (عمدة الرعاية) و(المبسوط) و(الوقاية) و(فتح القدير). وحاصل ما في (رحمة الأمة): أنه قال فيه: اتفق الأئمة على أن من ارتد عن الإسلام وجب عليه القتل، ثماختلفوا هل يتحتم قتله في الحال أم يوقف على استتابته؟وهل استتابته واجبة أممستحبة؟ وإذا استتب فلم يتب هليمهل أو لا؟ فقال أبو حنيفة: لا يجب استتابته ويقتل في الحال، إلا أن يطلب الإمهال فَيُمهل ثلاثاً، ومن أصحابه منقال: يُمهَل، وإن لم يطلب الإمهال استحبابًا. وللشافعي في وجوب الاستتابة قولان، أظهرهما: الوجوب، وعنه فيالإمهال قولان، أظهرهما: أنه لا يمهل وإن طلب، بل يُقتَل في الحال إذا أصرَّ على ردَّتِه. وفي (فتح القدير): إنما تعينتالأيام الثلاثة للإنظار؛ لأنها مدة ضربت لابلاء الأعذار بدليل حديث حبان بن منقذ في الخيار ثلاثة أيام ضربت للتأمللدفع الغبن، وقصة موسى عليه السلام مع العبد الصالح: ﴿إِن سَأَلْثُكَ عَن شَىْءٍ بَعْدَهَا فَلَا تُصَحِبْنِىّ﴾ (الكهف: ٧٦)،وهي الثالثة إلى قوله: ﴿قَدْ بَلَغْتَ مِن لَّدُنِّى عُذْرًا﴾ (الكهف: ٧٦) انتهى. وقال في (التعليق الممجّد): هذا التحديدمن قوله تعالى: ﴿تَمَثَّعُواْ فِي دَارِكُمْ ثَلَثَةَ أَيَّامِ﴾ (هود: ٦٥).